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Genetically modified tree

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A genetically modified tree (GMt, GM tree, genetically engineered tree, GE tree or transgenic tree) is a tree whose <a href="DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> has been modified using <a href="Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a> techniques. In most cases the aim is to introduce a novel <a href="Trait_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trait (biology)">trait</a> to the plant which does not occur naturally within the species. Examples include resistance to certain pests, diseases, environmental conditions, and <a href="Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicide</a> tolerance, or the alteration of <a href="Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a> levels in order to reduce <a href="Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">pulping</a> costs.

Genetically modified <a href="Forestry" title="Forestry">forest trees</a> are not yet <a href="Regulation_of_the_release_of_genetically_modified_organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulation of the release of genetically modified organisms">approved</a> ("deregulated") for commercial use with the exception of insect-resistant <a href="Populus" title="Populus">poplar</a> trees in China<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> and one case of GM Eucalyptus in Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Several genetically modified forest tree species are undergoing field trials for deregulation, and much of the research is being carried out by the <a href="Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper industry</a>, primarily with the intention of increasing the productivity of existing tree stock.<a href="#cite_note-Sedjo,_R.A._(2010)-4">[4]</a> Certain genetically modified <a href="Fruit_tree" title="Fruit tree">orchard tree</a> species have been deregulated for commercial use in the United States including the <a href="Papaya" title="Papaya">papaya</a> and <a href="Plum_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Plum tree">plum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The development, testing and use of GM trees remains at an early stage in comparison to <a href="GM_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="GM crops">GM crops</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kanowski-6">[6]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2></div>

Research into genetically modified trees has been ongoing since 1988.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Concerns surrounding the <a href="Biosafety" title="Biosafety">biosafety</a> implications of releasing genetically modified trees into the wild have held back regulatory approval of GM forest trees. This concern is exemplified in the <a href="Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a>'s stance:

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The Conference of the Parties, Recognising the uncertainties related to the potential environmental and socio-economic impacts, including long term and trans-boundary impacts, of genetically modified trees on global forest biological diversity, as well as on the livelihoods of indigenous and local communities, and given the absence of reliable data and of capacity in some countries to undertake risk assessments and to evaluate those potential impacts, recommends parties to take a precautionary approach when addressing the issue of genetically modified trees.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> </blockquote>

A precondition for further commercialization of GM forest trees is likely to be their complete <a href="Genetic_use_restriction_technology" title="Genetic use restriction technology">sterility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kanowski-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Plantation trees remain <a href="Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypically</a> similar to their wild cousins in that most are the product of no more than three generations of <a href="Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">artificial selection</a>, therefore, the risk of <a href="Transgene" title="Transgene">transgene</a> escape by <a href="Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a> with compatible wild species is high.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> One of the most credible science-based concerns with GM trees is their potential for wide dispersal of <a href="Seed" title="Seed">seed</a> and <a href="Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The fact that pine pollen travels long distances is well established, moving up to 3,000 kilometers from its source.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Additionally, many tree species reproduce for a long time before being harvested.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In combination these factors have led some to believe that GM trees are worthy of special environmental considerations over GM crops.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Ensuring sterility for GM trees has proven elusive, but efforts are being made.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> While tree geneticist Steve Strauss predicted that complete containment might be possible by 2020, many questions remain.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_uses">Proposed uses</h2></div>

GM trees under experimental development have been modified with <a href="Phenotypic_trait" title="Phenotypic trait">traits</a> intended to provide benefit to industry, foresters or consumers. Due to high regulatory and research costs, the majority of genetically modified trees in <a href="Silviculture" title="Silviculture">silviculture</a> consist of plantation trees, such as <a href="Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a>, <a href="Populus" title="Populus">poplar</a>, and <a href="Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lignin_alteration">Lignin alteration</h3></div>

Several companies and organizations (including ArborGen,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> GLBRC,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> ...) in the pulp and paper industry are interested in utilizing GM technology to alter the <a href="Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a> content of plantation trees (particularly <a href="Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a> and <a href="Populus" title="Populus">poplar</a> trees<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>). It is estimated that reducing lignin in plantation trees by genetic modification could reduce pulping costs by up to $15 per cubic metre.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Lignin removal from wood fibres conventionally relies on costly and <a href="Environmentally_hazardous" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmentally hazardous">environmentally hazardous</a> chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> By developing low-lignin GM trees it is hoped that pulping and bleaching processes will require fewer inputs,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> therefore, mills supplied by low-lignin GM trees may have a reduced impact on their surrounding <a href="Ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystems">ecosystems</a> and communities.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> However, it is argued that reductions in lignin may compromise the structural integrity of the plant, thereby making it more susceptible to wind, snow, <a href="Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> and disease,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> which could necessitate <a href="Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticide</a> use exceeding that on traditional plantations.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> This has proven correct, and an alternative approach followed by the University of Columbia was developed. This approach was to introduce chemically labile linkages instead (by inserting a gene from the plant <a href="Angelica_sinensis" title="Angelica sinensis">Angelica sinensis</a>), which allows the lignin to break down much more easy.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Due to this new approach, the lignin from the trees not only easily breaks apart when treated with a mild base at temperatures of 100 degrees C, but the trees also maintained their growth potential and strength.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frost_tolerance">Frost tolerance</h3></div>

Genetic modification can allow trees to cope with <a href="Abiotic_stress" title="Abiotic stress">abiotic stresses</a> such that their geographic range is broadened.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Freeze-tolerant GM eucalyptus trees for use in southern US plantations are currently being tested in open air sites with such an objective in mind. ArborGen, a tree biotechnology company and joint venture of pulp and paper firms Rubicon (New Zealand), <a href="MeadWestvaco" title="MeadWestvaco">MeadWestvaco</a> (US) and <a href="International_Paper" title="International Paper">International Paper</a> (US)<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> is leading this research.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Until now the cultivation of eucalyptus has only been possible on the southern tip of Florida, freeze-tolerance would substantially extend the cultivation range northwards.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduced_vigour">Reduced vigour</h3></div>

Orchard trees require a <a href="Rootstock" title="Rootstock">rootstock</a> with reduced vigour to allow them to remain small.

Genetic modification could allow the elimination of the rootstock, by making the tree less vigorous, hence reducing its height when fully mature. Research is being done into which genes are responsible for the vigour in orchard trees (such as apples, pears, ...).<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accelerated_growth">Accelerated growth</h3></div>

In Brazil, field trials of fast growing GM eucalyptus are currently underway, they were set to conclude in 2015–2016 with commercialization to result.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> FuturaGene, a biotechnology company owned by <a href="Suzano_Papel_e_Celulose" title="Suzano Papel e Celulose">Suzano</a>, a Brazilian pulp and paper company, has been leading this research. Stanley Hirsch, chief executive of FuturaGene has stated: "Our trees grow faster and thicker. We are ahead of everyone. We have shown we can increase the yields and growth rates of trees more than anything grown by traditional breeding."<a href="#cite_note-vidal-35">[35]</a> The company is looking to reduce harvest cycles from 7 to 5.5 years with 20-30% more mass than conventional eucalyptus.<a href="#cite_note-vidal-35">[35]</a> There is concern that such objectives may further exacerbate the negative impacts of plantation forestry. Increased water and soil nutrient demand from faster growing species may lead to irrecoverable losses in site productivity and further impinge upon neighbouring communities and ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Researchers at the University of Manchester's Faculty of Life Sciences modified two genes in poplar trees, called PXY and CLE, which are responsible for the rate of cell division in tree trunks. As a result, the trees are growing twice as fast as normal, and also end up being taller, wider and with more leaves.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disease_resistance">Disease resistance</h3></div>

Ecologically motivated research into genetic modification is underway. There are ongoing schemes that aim to foster <a href="Plant_disease_resistance" title="Plant disease resistance">disease resistance</a> in trees such as the <a href="American_chestnut" title="American chestnut">American chestnut</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> (see <a href="Chestnut_blight" title="Chestnut blight">Chestnut blight</a>) and the <a href="English_elm" class="mw-redirect" title="English elm">English elm</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> (see <a href="Dutch_elm_disease" title="Dutch elm disease">Dutch elm disease</a>) for the purpose of their <a href="Reintroduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Reintroduction">reintroduction</a> to the wild. Specific diseases have reduced the populations of these emblematic species to the extent that they are mostly lost in the wild. Genetic modification is being pursued concurrently with <a href="Tree_breeding" title="Tree breeding">traditional breeding techniques</a> in an attempt to endow these species with disease resistance.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_uses">Current uses</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poplars_in_China">Poplars in China</h3></div>

In 2002 China's State Forestry Administration approved GM poplar trees for commercial use.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Subsequently, 1.4 million <a href="Bacillus_thuringiensis" title="Bacillus thuringiensis">Bt</a> (<a href="Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticide</a>) producing GM poplars were planted in China. They were planted both for their <a href="Lumber" title="Lumber">wood</a> and as part of China's <a href="Three-North_Shelter_Forest_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-North Shelter Forest Program">'Green Wall'</a> project, which aims to impede <a href="Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Reports indicate that the GM poplars have spread beyond the area of original planting <a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> and that contamination of native poplars with the Bt gene is occurring.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> There is concern with these developments, particularly because the pesticide producing trait may impart a positive selective advantage on the poplar, allowing it a high level of <a href="Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasiveness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Living_Carbon_in_the_United_States">Living Carbon in the United States</h3></div>

Living Carbon, an American biotechnology company founded in 2019, has developed genetically engineered hybrid poplar trees aimed at enhancing carbon sequestration. These trees have been modified to improve photosynthetic efficiency, enabling them to capture more carbon dioxide (CO2) and produce greater woody biomass than conventional trees. Living Carbon’s mission is to leverage technology to combat climate change while promoting biodiversity and restoring degraded ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-49">[49]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Development_and_deployment">Development and deployment</h4></div>

Living Carbon’s genetically modified trees were first planted in a bottomland forest in Georgia, USA, in February 2023. Early field trials indicated that these trees achieved a 53% increase in above-ground biomass compared to control groups, enabling them to absorb 27% more carbon.<a href="#cite_note-:0-49">[49]</a> The company generates revenue by selling carbon credits derived from these forests to individuals and businesses seeking to offset greenhouse gas emissions.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Benefits_and_potential">Benefits and potential</h4></div>

Supporters of Living Carbon’s approach highlight its potential to contribute to global climate solutions, particularly if deployed on a large scale. The modified trees are targeted for use in afforestation and reforestation projects on degraded land, where they can aid in carbon capture and ecosystem restoration without displacing native species. These projects also aim to enhance biodiversity while addressing environmental degradation.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Controversies_and_challenges">Controversies and challenges</h4></div>

The deployment of genetically modified trees has been met with skepticism. Critics, including some forestry and genetic experts, question whether the trees will meet carbon absorption expectations outside controlled laboratory settings. Concerns have also been raised about the potential ecological risks, such as the unintended spread of genetically modified traits to wild tree populations, which could disrupt native ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>

Maddie Hall, co-founder of Living Carbon, has addressed these concerns, emphasizing the urgency of climate action and the limitations of waiting for natural evolutionary processes to improve tree resilience. However, experts note that achieving success in lab or greenhouse trials does not guarantee similar outcomes in complex, natural environments.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Genetically_modified_crops" title="Genetically modified crops">Genetically modified crops</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">Genetically modified food</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetically_modified_organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically modified organisms">Genetically modified organisms</a></li>

<li><a href="Plantation#Forestry" title="Plantation">Plantations</a></li>

<li><a href="Regulation_of_the_release_of_genetic_modified_organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulation of the release of genetic modified organisms">Regulation of the release of genetic modified organisms</a></li>

<li><a href="Tree_breeding" title="Tree breeding">Tree breeding</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-vidal-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vidal_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vidal_35-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFVidal,_J.2012" class="citation news cs1">Vidal, J. (15 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/nov/15/gm-trees-bred-world-energy">"The GM tree plantations bred to satisfy the world's energy needs - Israeli biotech firm says its modified eucalyptus trees can displace the fossil fuel industry"</a>. Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102090311/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/nov/15/gm-trees-bred-world-energy">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2016.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGerber,_J.F.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Gerber, J.F. (2011). "Conflicts over industrial tree plantations in the South: Who, how and why?". Global Environmental Change. 21 (1): 165–176. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011GEC....21..165G">2011GEC....21..165G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gloenvcha.2010.09.005">10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.09.005</a>. <q>Fast-wood plantations tend to destabilize water cycles provoking reduced water flow throughout the year, the disappearance of streams during the dry season, and damages to other (agro-)ecosystems (p.167)</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFOwusu,_R.A.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Owusu, R.A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.wwf.org.uk/downloads/gm.pdf">"GM technology in the forest sector - A scoping study for WWF"</a> (PDF). WWF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201195811/http://assets.wwf.org.uk/downloads/gm.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2014-01-25. <q>Biotechnology may inadvertently become yet another driver for inappropriate plantation development. Increased soil nutrient and water demand of fast growing species on short rotations could lead to irrecoverable loss of site productivity. (p.5)</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNottingham,_S.2002" class="citation book cs1">Nottingham, S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=36FZ7GSkhqoC">Genescapes - The Ecology of Genetic Engineering</a>. Zed Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781842770375</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240504232755/https://books.google.com/books?id=36FZ7GSkhqoC">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-04. Retrieved 2021-05-29. <q>fast-growing transgenic trees will make additional demands on soil nutrients and water, with consequences for the long-term fertility of soils. Substantial fertilizer inputs might be necessary to maintain high yields</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newatlas.com/gene-manipulation-boost-tree-growth-rate-size/37163/">"Gene manipulation boosts tree growth rate and size"</a>. 24 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180809121827/https://newatlas.com/gene-manipulation-boost-tree-growth-rate-size/37163/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-08-09. Retrieved 2018-08-09.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21577033-gm-species-may-soon-be-liberated-deliberately-wildwood">"Into the Wildwood"</a>. The Economist. 4 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170715102205/https://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21577033-gm-species-may-soon-be-liberated-deliberately-wildwood">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2017.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHarfouche,_A.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Harfouche, A. (2011). "Tree genetic engineering and applications to sustainable forestry and biomass production". Trends in Biotechnology. 29 (1): 13. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tibtech.2010.09.003">10.1016/j.tibtech.2010.09.003</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20970211">20970211</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Powell, William (March 2014) "the American Chestnut's Genetic Rebirth", Scientific American, Volume 310, Number 3, Page 52

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<li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLang2004" class="citation web cs1">Lang, Chris (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203082821/http://www.wrm.org.uy/oldsite/bulletin/85/Asia.html#China">"China: Genetically modified madness"</a>. The World Rainforest Movement. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wrm.org.uy/oldsite/bulletin/85/Asia.html#China">the original</a> on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2014. <q>Two years ago, China's State Forestry Administration approved genetically modified (GM) poplar trees for commercial planting.</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFThen,_C.Hamberger,_S.2010" class="citation web cs1">Then, C.; Hamberger, S. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.testbiotech.de/sites/default/files/101207_testbiotech_pappeln_en.pdf">"Genetically engineered trees – a ticking "time bomb"?"</a> (PDF). Testbiotech.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201220715/http://www.testbiotech.de/sites/default/files/101207_testbiotech_pappeln_en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2014-01-29.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSedjo,_R.A.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sedjo, R.A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150413142033/http://www.agbioforum.org/v8n4/v8n4a02-sedjo.pdf">"Will Developing Countries be the Early Adopters of Genetically Engineered Forests? Resources for the Future"</a> (PDF). AgBioForum. 8 (4): 205–211. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agbioforum.org/v8n4/v8n4a02-sedjo.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2014. <q>the engineered gene has probably spread beyond the area of the original plantings (p.206)</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCarman,_N.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Carman, N. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dogwoodalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/manuscript_final.pdf">"Ecological and Social Impacts of Fast Growing Timber Plantations and Genetically Engineered Trees"</a> (PDF). Dogwood Alliance. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140220203849/http://www.dogwoodalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/manuscript_final.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2014-02-20. Retrieved 2014-01-31. <q>The Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science has reported that contamination of native poplars with the Bt gene is already occurring. (p.4)</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFThen,_C.Hamberger,_S.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Then, C.; Hamberger, S. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.testbiotech.de/sites/default/files/101207_testbiotech_pappeln_en.pdf">"Genetically engineered trees – a ticking "time bomb"?"</a> (PDF). Testbiotech. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201220715/http://www.testbiotech.de/sites/default/files/101207_testbiotech_pappeln_en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2014-01-29. <q>Bt poplars are grown alongside non-transgenic trees, possibly delaying the emergence of resistances. If this is the case, the transgenic poplars will have higher fitness in comparison to the other trees, thus conceivably fostering their invasiveness in the mid or even long-term. (p.16)</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livingcarbon.com/about">"About"</a>. www.livingcarbon.com. Retrieved 2024-12-13.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_49-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFTaoChiuHoyleDewhirst2023" class="citation journal cs1">Tao, Yumin; Chiu, Li-Wei; Hoyle, Jacob W.; Dewhirst, Rebecca A.; Richey, Christian; Rasmussen, Karli; Du, Jessica; Mellor, Patrick; Kuiper, Julie; Tucker, Dominick; Crites, Alex; Orr, Gary A.; Heckert, Matthew J.; Godinez-Vidal, Damaris; Orozco-Cardenas, Martha L. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ff14040827">"Enhanced Photosynthetic Efficiency for Increased Carbon Assimilation and Woody Biomass Production in Engineered Hybrid Poplar"</a>. Forests. 14 (4): 827. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Fore...14..827T">2023Fore...14..827T</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ff14040827">10.3390/f14040827</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1999-4907">1999-4907</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/06/08/1074287/inside-the-quest-to-engineer-climate-saving-super-trees/">"Inside the quest to engineer climate-saving "super trees""</a>. MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 2024-12-13.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCorbyn2023" class="citation news cs1">Corbyn, Zoë (2023-10-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/oct/15/superpower-plants-absorb-carbon-co2-climate-crisis">"Could superpowered plants be the heroes of the climate crisis?"</a>. The Observer. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7712">0029-7712</a>. Retrieved 2024-12-13.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPortala2023" class="citation web cs1">Portala, Juliette (2023-07-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mongabay.com/2023/07/genetically-engineered-trees-stoke-climate-hope-and-environmental-fears/">"Genetically engineered trees stoke climate hope — and environmental fears"</a>. Mongabay Environmental News. Retrieved 2024-12-13.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFialka" class="citation web cs1">Fialka, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/start-up-hopes-super-poplar-trees-will-suck-up-more-co2/">"Start-up Hopes 'Super' Poplar Trees Will Suck Up More CO2"</a>. Scientific American. Retrieved 2024-12-13.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/videos/tv/2023/02/27/genetic-technologies-show-decoded-spc-intl.cnn">Decoding genetic technologies</a>. 2023-02-27. Retrieved 2024-12-13 – via edition.cnn.com.</cite>

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</ol></div>

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</style><div id="Genetic_engineering301" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">Genetically modified organisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Genetically_modified_crops" title="Genetically modified crops">Crops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Genetically_modified_maize" title="Genetically modified maize">Maize/corn</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Starlink_corn_recall" class="mw-redirect" title="Starlink corn recall">StarLink</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_varieties_of_genetically_modified_maize" title="List of varieties of genetically modified maize">List of varieties of genetically modified maize/corn</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Genetically_modified_potato" title="Genetically modified potato">Potato</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amflora" title="Amflora">Amflora</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Genetically_modified_rice" title="Genetically modified rice">Rice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Golden_rice" title="Golden rice">Golden rice</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Genetically_modified_soybean" title="Genetically modified soybean">Soybean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Roundup_ready_soybean" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundup ready soybean">Roundup ready soybean</a></li>

<li><a href="Vistive_Gold" title="Vistive Gold">Vistive Gold</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Genetically_modified_tomato" title="Genetically modified tomato">Tomato</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Flavr_Savr" title="Flavr Savr">Flavr Savr</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cotton#Genetic_modification" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bt_cotton" title="Bt cotton">Bt cotton</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Genetically_modified_wheat" title="Genetically modified wheat">Wheat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arctic_Apples" title="Arctic Apples">Apple</a></li>

<li><a href="Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetically_modified_brinjal" title="Genetically modified brinjal">Brinjal</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetically_modified_canola" title="Genetically modified canola">Canola</a></li>

<li><a href="Papaya#Genetically_engineered_cultivars" title="Papaya">Papaya</a></li>

<li><a href="SmartStax" title="SmartStax">SmartStax</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetically_modified_sugar_beet" title="Genetically modified sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></li>

<li><a href="Tobacco#Genetic_modification" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li>

<li><a href="DMH-11_Mustard" title="DMH-11 Mustard">Mustard</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Genetically_modified_animal" title="Genetically modified animal">Animals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Genetically_modified_mammal" title="Genetically modified mammal">Mammals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Genetically_modified_mouse" title="Genetically modified mouse">Mouse</a>

<ul><li><a href="Knockout_mouse" title="Knockout mouse">Knockout mouse</a></li>

<li><a href="Oncomouse" title="Oncomouse">Oncomouse</a></li>

<li><a href="Woolly_mouse" title="Woolly mouse">Woolly mouse</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Enviropig" class="mw-redirect" title="Enviropig">Enviropig</a></li>

<li><a href="Herman_the_Bull" class="mw-redirect" title="Herman the Bull">Herman the Bull</a></li>

<li><a href="Knockout_rat" title="Knockout rat">Knockout rat</a></li>

<li><a href="Alba_(rabbit)" title="Alba (rabbit)">Rabbit</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruppy" title="Ruppy">Ruppy</a></li>

<li><a href="Romulus%2C_Remus%2C_and_Khaleesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Romulus, Remus, and Khaleesi">Wolves</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Genetically_modified_insect" title="Genetically modified insect">Insects</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="GloFish" title="GloFish">GloFish</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetically_modified_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically modified salmon">Salmon</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Genetically_modified_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically modified bird">Birds</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetically_modified_organism#Frogs" title="Genetically modified organism">Frogs</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Genetically_modified_bacteria" title="Genetically modified bacteria">Bacteria</a> and <a href="Genetically_modified_virus" title="Genetically modified virus">viruses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ice-minus_bacteria" title="Ice-minus bacteria">Ice-minus bacteria</a></li>

<li><a href="Hepatitis_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis B vaccine">Hepatitis B vaccine</a></li>

<li><a href="Oncolytic_virus" title="Oncolytic virus">Oncolytic virus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Genetic_engineering_techniques" title="Genetic engineering techniques">Processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Transformation_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation (genetics)">Inserting DNA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agrobacterium" title="Agrobacterium">Agrobacteria</a></li>

<li><a href="Gene_gun" title="Gene gun">Biolistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Electroporation" title="Electroporation">Electroporation</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_transduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic transduction">Genetic transduction</a></li>

<li><a href="Lipofection" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipofection">Lipofection</a></li>

<li><a href="Microinjection" title="Microinjection">Microinjection</a></li>

<li><a href="Somatic_cell_nuclear_transfer" title="Somatic cell nuclear transfer">Somatic cell nuclear transfer</a></li>

<li><a href="Transfection" title="Transfection">Transfection</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Recombinant_DNA" title="Recombinant DNA">Recombinant DNA</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgenesis">Transgenesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Cisgenesis" title="Cisgenesis">Cisgenesis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">Genetically modified food</a>

<ul><li><a href="Genetically_modified_food_controversies" title="Genetically modified food controversies">Controversies</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pharming_(genetics)" title="Pharming (genetics)">Pharming</a></li>

<li>Companies

<li><a href="Bayer#Bayer_CropScience" title="Bayer">Bayer</a></li>

<li><a href="Dow_AgroSciences" title="Dow AgroSciences">Dow AgroSciences</a></li>

<li><a href="DuPont_Pioneer" class="mw-redirect" title="DuPont Pioneer">DuPont Pioneer</a></li>

<li><a href="Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a></li>

<li><a href="Syngenta" title="Syngenta">Syngenta</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="Human_genetic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Human genetic engineering">humans</a> and diagnostics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">Gene therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_enhancement" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic enhancement">Genetic enhancement</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">Genetic testing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gene_knockout" title="Gene knockout">Gene knockout</a></li>

<li><a href="Gene_knockdown" title="Gene knockdown">Gene knockdown</a></li>

<li><a href="Gene_targeting" title="Gene targeting">Gene targeting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Transgene" title="Transgene">Transgene</a></li>

<li><a href="Detection_of_genetically_modified_organisms" title="Detection of genetically modified organisms">Detection of genetically modified organisms</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetics_in_fiction" title="Genetics in fiction">Genetics in fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a></li>

<li><a href="Reverse_transfection" title="Reverse transfection">Reverse transfection</a></li>

<li><a href="Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_use_restriction_technology" title="Genetic use restriction technology">Genetic use restriction technology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Regulation_of_genetic_engineering" title="Regulation of genetic engineering">Regulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cartagena_Protocol_on_Biosafety" title="Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety">Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Genetic_engineering_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in Europe">Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_engineering_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in Africa">Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_engineering_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in North America">North America</a> (<a href="Genetic_engineering_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in the United States">US</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Genetic_engineering_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in South America">South America</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_engineering_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in Oceania">Oceania</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Similar fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloning" title="Cloning">Cloning</a></li>

<li><a href="Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">Stem cell research</a></li>

<li><a href="Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">Synthetic biology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li>

<li><a href="Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bioethics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Forestry1738" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Forestry1738" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Index_of_forestry_articles" title="Index of forestry articles">Index</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_countries_by_forest_area" title="List of countries by forest area">Forest areas</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_forestry_ministries" title="List of forestry ministries">Ministries</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_forest_research_institutes" title="List of forest research institutes">Research institutes</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges" title="List of forestry universities and colleges">Colleges</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_forestry_journals" title="List of forestry journals">Journals</a></li>

<li><a href="Arbor_Day" title="Arbor Day">Arbor Day</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dehesa" title="Dehesa">dehesa</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Analog_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog forestry">Analog forestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Bamboo_cultivation" title="Bamboo cultivation">Bamboo forestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Close_to_nature_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Close to nature forestry">Close to nature forestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_forestry" title="Community forestry">Community forestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Mycoforestry" title="Mycoforestry">Mycoforestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Permaforestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Permaforestry">Permaforestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Tree_plantation" title="Tree plantation">Plantation forestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_forestry_in_India" title="Social forestry in India">Social forestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forestry">Sustainable forestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_forest" title="Urban forest">Urban forest</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">Urban forestry</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecology</a> and <a href="Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li>

<li><a href="Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">Controlled burn</a></li>

<li><a href="Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a>

<ul><li><a href="Coarse_woody_debris" title="Coarse woody debris">coarse</a></li>

<li><a href="Driftwood" title="Driftwood">driftwood</a></li>

<li><a href="Large_woody_debris" title="Large woody debris">large</a></li>

<li><a href="Slash_(logging)" title="Slash (logging)">slash</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_thinning" title="Ecological thinning">Ecological thinning</a></li>

<li><a href="Even_aged_timber_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Even aged timber management">Even-aged management</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest" title="Forest">Forest</a>

<ul><li><a href="Forest_dynamics" title="Forest dynamics">dynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_informatics" title="Forest informatics">informatics</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">inventory</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest governance">governance</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_Forest_Information_Service" title="Global Forest Information Service">Global Forest Information Service</a></li>

<li><a href="Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_pathology" title="Forest pathology">pathology</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_protection" title="Forest protection">protection</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_restoration" title="Forest restoration">restoration</a></li>

<li><a href="Secondary_forest" title="Secondary forest">secondary</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_stand" title="Forest stand">stand</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_transition" title="Forest transition">transition</a></li>

<li><a href="Trillion_Tree_Campaign" title="Trillion Tree Campaign">Trillion Tree Campaign</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Forest certification</a>

<li><a href="Rainforest_Alliance#Sustainable_forestry_certification" title="Rainforest Alliance">SmartWood</a></li>

<li><a href="Woodland_Carbon_Code" title="Woodland Carbon Code">Woodland Carbon Code</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Forestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestation">Forestation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li>

<li><a href="Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Formally designated</a></li>

<li><a href="Glade_(geography)" title="Glade (geography)">Glade</a></li>

<li><a href="Growth_and_yield_modelling" title="Growth and yield modelling">Growth and yield modelling</a></li>

<li><a href="Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a>

<ul><li><a href="Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Multipurpose_tree" title="Multipurpose tree">Multipurpose tree</a></li>

<li><a href="Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Sustainable management</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Tree_allometry" title="Tree allometry">allometry</a></li>

<li><a href="Tree_breeding" title="Tree breeding">breeding</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tree_measurement" title="Tree measurement">Tree measurement</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tree_crown_measurement" title="Tree crown measurement">crown</a></li>

<li><a href="Tree_girth_measurement" title="Tree girth measurement">girth</a></li>

<li><a href="Tree_height_measurement" title="Tree height measurement">height</a></li>

<li><a href="Tree_volume_measurement" title="Tree volume measurement">volume</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li>

<li><a href="Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">Clearcutting</a></li>

<li><a href="Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_degradation" title="Forest degradation">Forest degradation</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_fragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fragmentation">Forest fragmentation</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghost_forest" title="Ghost forest">Ghost forest</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)" title="Great Green Wall (Africa)">Great Green Wall (Africa)</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Green_Wall_(China)" title="Great Green Wall (China)">Great Green Wall (China)</a></li>

<li><a href="High_grading" title="High grading">High grading</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timber_mafia" title="Timber mafia">timber mafia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Invasive_species#Forestry" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a>

<ul><li><a href="Wilding_conifer" title="Wilding conifer">wilding</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Million_Tree_Initiative" title="Million Tree Initiative">Million Tree Initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">Shifting cultivation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chitemene" title="Chitemene">chitemene</a></li>

<li><a href="Slash-and-burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a></li>

<li><a href="Slash-and-char" title="Slash-and-char">slash-and-char</a></li>

<li><a href="Svedjebruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Svedjebruk">svedjebruk</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li>

<li><a href="Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Tree hugging</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_forest_inequity" title="Urban forest inequity">Urban forest inequity</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">Industries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Coppicing" title="Coppicing">Coppicing</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li>

<li><a href="Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a></li>

<li><a href="Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a></li>

<li><a href="Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmilling</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Forest_product" title="Forest product">Products</a>

<ul><li><a href="Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li>

<li><a href="Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a></li>

<li><a href="Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber</a></li>

<li><a href="Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanbark" title="Tanbark">tanbark</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">Rail transport</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Christmas_tree_cultivation" title="Christmas tree cultivation">Christmas trees</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">engineered</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a></li>

<li><a href="Spruce-pine-fir" title="Spruce-pine-fir">spruce-pine-fir</a></li>

<li><a href="Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a>

<ul><li><a href="Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">green woodworking</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Forester" title="Forester">Forester</a></li>

<li><a href="Arborist" title="Arborist">Arborist</a></li>

<li><a href="Log_bucking" title="Log bucking">Bucker</a></li>

<li><a href="Choker_setter" title="Choker setter">Choker setter</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecologist</a></li>

<li><a href="Felling" title="Felling">Feller</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildland_firefighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildland firefighter">Firefighter</a>

<ul><li><a href="Handcrew" title="Handcrew">handcrew</a></li>

<li><a href="Interagency_hotshot_crew" class="mw-redirect" title="Interagency hotshot crew">hotshot</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">lookout</a></li>

<li><a href="Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">smokejumper</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Log_driving" title="Log driving">River driver</a></li>

<li><a href="Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">Truck driver</a></li>

<li><a href="Log_scaler" title="Log scaler">Log scaler</a></li>

<li><a href="Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">Lumberjack</a></li>

<li><a href="Park_ranger" title="Park ranger">Ranger</a></li>

<li><a href="Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin tapper</a></li>

<li><a href="Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapper</a></li>

<li><a href="Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaver</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">Timber cruiser</a></li>

<li><a href="Tree_planting" title="Tree planting">Tree planter</a></li>

<li><a href="Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood process engineer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> WikiProject</li>

<li> <a href="Portal%3AClimate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change portal</a></li>

<li> <a href="Portal%3AEarth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></li>

<li> <a href="Portal%3AEcology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></li>

<li> <a href="Portal%3AEnvironment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li>

<li> <a href="Portal%3APlants" title="Portal:Plants">Plants portal</a></li>

<li> <a href="Portal%3ATrees" title="Portal:Trees">Trees portal</a></li>

<li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="Outline_of_forestry" title="Outline of forestry">Outline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Horticulture_and_gardening720" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Horticulture_and_gardening720" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a> and <a href="Gardening" title="Gardening">gardening</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gardening" title="Gardening">Gardening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Allotment_(gardening)" title="Allotment (gardening)">Allotment</a></li>

<li><a href="Arboretum" title="Arboretum">Arboretum</a></li>

<li><a href="Butterfly_gardening" title="Butterfly gardening">Butterfly</a></li>

<li><a href="Climate-friendly_gardening" title="Climate-friendly gardening">Climate-friendly gardening</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">Community</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest</a></li>

<li><a href="Foodscaping" title="Foodscaping">Foodscaping</a></li>

<li><a href="French_intensive_gardening" title="French intensive gardening">French intensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Garden" title="Garden">Garden</a></li>

<li><a href="Garden_design" title="Garden design">Garden design</a>

<ul><li><a href="Computer-aided_garden_design" title="Computer-aided garden design">computer-aided</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">Groundskeeping</a></li>

<li><a href="Garden_tool" title="Garden tool">Garden tool</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_wall" title="Green wall">Green wall</a></li>

<li><a href="Guerrilla_gardening" title="Guerrilla gardening">Guerrilla</a></li>

<li><a href="Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_gardens" title="Conservation and restoration of historic gardens">Historic conservation</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_gardening" title="History of gardening">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_landscaping" title="Natural landscaping">Native</a></li>

<li><a href="Parterre" title="Parterre">Parterre</a></li>

<li><a href="Proplifting" title="Proplifting">Proplifting</a></li>

<li><a href="Raised-bed_gardening" title="Raised-bed gardening">Raised bed</a></li>

<li><a href="Square_foot_gardening" title="Square foot gardening">Square foot</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Sustainable</a></li>

<li><a href="Xeriscaping" title="Xeriscaping">Xeriscaping</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_garden_types" title="List of garden types">Types of gardens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alpine_garden" title="Alpine garden">Alpine</a></li>

<li><a href="Gardens_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Gardens of ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li>

<li><a href="Gardening_in_Australia" title="Gardening in Australia">Australian</a></li>

<li><a href="Baroque_garden" title="Baroque garden">Baroque</a></li>

<li><a href="Biblical_garden" title="Biblical garden">Biblical</a></li>

<li><a href="Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">Botanical</a></li>

<li><a href="Bottle_garden" title="Bottle garden">Bottle</a></li>

<li><a href="Butterfly_house" title="Butterfly house">Butterfly</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Byzantine</a></li>

<li><a href="Cactus_garden" title="Cactus garden">Cactus</a></li>

<li><a href="Colonial_Revival_garden" title="Colonial Revival garden">Colonial</a></li>

<li><a href="Color_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Color garden">Color</a></li>

<li><a href="Communal_garden" title="Communal garden">Communal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Garden_square" title="Garden square">Garden square</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">Community</a></li>

<li><a href="Container_garden" title="Container garden">Container</a></li>

<li><a href="Cottage_garden" title="Cottage garden">Cottage</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_garden" title="Dutch garden">Dutch</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Asian_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian garden">East Asian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">Chinese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Classical_Gardens_of_Suzhou" title="Classical Gardens of Suzhou">Suzhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Lingnan_garden" title="Lingnan garden">Cantonese</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Japanese</a>

<li><a href="Korean_garden" title="Korean garden">Korean</a></li>

<li><a href="H%C3%B2n_non_b%E1%BB%99" title="Hòn non bộ">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">English</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sharawadgi" title="Sharawadgi">Sharawadgi</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fernery" title="Fernery">Fernery</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinampa" title="Chinampa">Floating</a></li>

<li><a href="Flower_garden" title="Flower garden">Flower</a></li>

<li><a href="Formal_garden" title="Formal garden">Formal</a></li>

<li>French

<ul><li><a href="French_formal_garden" title="French formal garden">formal</a></li>

<li><a href="French_landscape_garden" title="French landscape garden">landscape</a></li>

<li><a href="Gardens_of_the_French_Renaissance" title="Gardens of the French Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Front_yard" title="Front yard">Front</a></li>

<li><a href="German_garden" title="German garden">German</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gardens">Greek</a></li>

<li><a href="Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">Greenhouse</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanging_garden_(cultivation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanging garden (cultivation)">Hanging</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_garden" title="Italian garden">Italian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Italian_Renaissance_garden" title="Italian Renaissance garden">Renaissance</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Keyhole_garden" title="Keyhole garden">Keyhole</a></li>

<li><a href="Kitchen_garden" title="Kitchen garden">Kitchen</a></li>

<li><a href="Market_garden" title="Market garden">Market</a></li>

<li><a href="Medieval_garden" title="Medieval garden">Medieval</a></li>

<li><a href="Monastic_garden" title="Monastic garden">Monastic</a></li>

<li><a href="Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal</a></li>

<li><a href="Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchard</a></li>

<li><a href="Pekarangan" title="Pekarangan">Indonesian home garden</a></li>

<li><a href="Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian</a>

<li><a href="Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li>

<li><a href="Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Physic_garden" title="Physic garden">Physic</a></li>

<li><a href="Pleasure_garden" title="Pleasure garden">Pleasure</a></li>

<li><a href="Prairie#Prairie_garden" title="Prairie">Prairie</a></li>

<li><a href="Pollinator_garden" title="Pollinator garden">Pollinator</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_gardens" title="Roman gardens">Roman</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacred_garden" title="Sacred garden">Sacred</a></li>

<li><a href="School_garden" title="School garden">School</a></li>

<li><a href="Gardening_in_Scotland" title="Gardening in Scotland">Scottish</a></li>

<li><a href="Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">Sculpture</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensory_garden" title="Sensory garden">Sensory</a></li>

<li><a href="Shade_garden" title="Shade garden">Shade</a></li>

<li><a href="Shakespeare_garden" title="Shakespeare garden">Shakespeare</a></li>

<li><a href="Shrubbery" title="Shrubbery">Shrubbery</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_garden" title="Spanish garden">Spanish</a></li>

<li><a href="Therapeutic_garden" title="Therapeutic garden">Therapeutic</a></li>

<li><a href="Trial_garden" title="Trial garden">Trial</a></li>

<li><a href="Tropical_garden" title="Tropical garden">Tropical</a></li>

<li><a href="Victory_garden" title="Victory garden">Victory</a></li>

<li><a href="Walled_garden" title="Walled garden">Walled</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildlife_garden" title="Wildlife garden">Wildlife</a></li>

<li><a href="Winter_garden" title="Winter garden">Winter</a></li>

<li><a href="Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoological</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a>

<ul><li><a href="Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">stock-free</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">urban</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li>

<li><a href="Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a>

<ul><li><a href="Saikei" title="Saikei">Saikei</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li>

<li><a href="Companion_planting" title="Companion planting">Companion planting</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_most_valuable_crops_and_livestock_products" title="List of most valuable crops and livestock products">most valuable</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cutting_(plant)" title="Cutting (plant)">Cutting</a></li>

<li><a href="Horticultural_flora" title="Horticultural flora">Flora</a></li>

<li><a href="Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a>

<ul><li><a href="Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Floriculture_in_Taiwan" title="Floriculture in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="H%C3%BCgelkultur" title="Hügelkultur">Hügelkultur</a></li>

<li><a href="Pomology" title="Pomology">Fruticulture</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydroculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroculture">Hydroculture</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_horticulture" title="Indigenous horticulture">Indigenous</a></li>

<li><a href="Intercropping" title="Intercropping">Intercropping</a></li>

<li><a href="Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Olericulture" title="Olericulture">Olericulture</a></li>

<li><a href="Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a>

<ul><li><a href="Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">breeding</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuttings_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuttings (plant)">cuttings</a></li>

<li><a href="Free-flowering" title="Free-flowering">free-flowering</a></li>

<li><a href="Plant_propagation" title="Plant propagation">propagation</a></li>

<li><a href="Drought_tolerance" title="Drought tolerance">drought tolerance</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardiness_(plants)" title="Hardiness (plants)">hardiness</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li>

<li><a href="Postharvest_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Postharvest physiology">Postharvest physiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Roguing" title="Roguing">Roguing</a></li>

<li><a href="Tropical_horticulture" title="Tropical horticulture">Tropical</a></li>

<li>Urban

<ul><li><a href="Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">agriculture</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_horticulture" title="Urban horticulture">horticulture</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">forestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></li>

<li><a href="Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Organic_horticulture" title="Organic horticulture">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li>

<li><a href="Grafting" title="Grafting">Grafting</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_organic_gardening_and_farming" title="Outline of organic gardening and farming">List of organic gardening and farming topics</a></li>

<li><a href="Vegan_organic_agriculture" title="Vegan organic agriculture">Vegan organic agriculture</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fungicide" title="Fungicide">Fungicide</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbicide" title="Herbicide">Herbicide</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_of_pesticide_articles" title="Index of pesticide articles">Index of pesticide articles</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_fungicides" title="List of fungicides">List of fungicides</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_insecticides" title="List of insecticides">List of insecticides</a></li>

<li><a href="Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a></li>

<li><a href="Plant_disease_forecasting" title="Plant disease forecasting">Plant disease forecasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Pruning" title="Pruning">Pruning</a></li>

<li><a href="Weed_control" title="Weed control">Weed control</a>

<ul><li><a href="Aquamog" title="Aquamog">Aquamog weed remover</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Community_orchard" title="Community orchard">Community orchard</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_garden_features" title="List of garden features">Features</a></li>

<li><a href="Floral_design" title="Floral design">Floral design</a>

<ul><li><a href="Floristry" title="Floristry">Floristry</a></li>

<li><a href="Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">Groundskeeping</a></li>

<li><a href="Garden_centre" title="Garden centre">Garden centre</a></li>

<li><a href="Garden_tourism" title="Garden tourism">Garden tourism</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_gardens" title="List of gardens">List of gardens</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Lists of plants</a></li>

<li><a href="Perennial" title="Perennial">Perennial</a></li>

<li><a href="Plant_collecting" title="Plant collecting">Plant collecting</a></li>

<li><a href="Turf_management" title="Turf management">Turf management</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> <a href="Portal%3AGardening" title="Portal:Gardening">Gardening portal</a></li>

<li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Horticulture" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Horticulture">Commons</a></li>

<li> WikiProject</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-27" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Genetically_modified_tree&oldid=1292514087">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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